Mantle Convection slow creeping motion of Earths solid silicate mantle caused by convection current carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface Divergent Boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from each other Rift Zones where continents begin to stretch, break apart, and widen through time Convergent Boundary occurs when two plates move toward each other Subduction when the oceanic plate sinks below the less dense continental plate Transform Boundary occurs when two plates slide past each other, resembling a stike-slip fault Hotspot specific area where hot magma rises from the earths interior Wilson Cycle continents move apart and crash into each other about every 500 million years Deformation process wherein rocks change in shape, size, location, tilt, or break due to squeezing, stretching, or shearing which forms belts Earthquake Vibration in the surface of earth as a result of a sudden release of energy.Seismic Wave Energy release from the hypocenter of an earthquake.Primary Waves (P-waves) Particles of the material move back and forth parallel to the direction of wave motion.Secondary Waves (S-waves) Particles of the material move back and forth perpendicular to the direction of wave motion.
![]() Love Waves Caused the ground to move back and forth in a snake-like movement. Seismogram Refers to the record Seismograph Detects and records the ground motion from an earthquake. Exogenic Processes Driven by external forces such as solar energy. Weathering Breakdown of rocks and its eventual transformation into sediments. Mechanical(Physical) Weathering Physical breakdown of rocks into unconnected grains or chunks without changes in its composition. Chemical Weathering There sre chemical changes in at least of the composition of the rock. Biological Weathering Plants and animals contribute to the weathering. Erosion Seperation and removal of weathered and unweathered rocks and soils from the substrate through gravity of transporting agents like wind, ice, or water. Transport Process by which sediments are moved along from the source to where they are deposited. Deposition Process in which sediment settle out of the transporting medium. Mass WastingMass Movement Process whereby weathered material is moved downslope under the immediate influence of gravity. Hydrolysis Igneous rocks have much silica which readily combines with water. Carbonation Carbon Dioxide dissolved in water reacts with carbonate rocks to create a soluble product. Strain Change in rocks due to the different types of stress which can be Shear Strain (change in shape involves movement in one part of an object relative to its other parts) and Elastic Strain (rocks can change back to its original form when the stress is removed) Deformations Elastic (characterized by reversible strain), Ductile (strain is irreversible - rock is permanently deformed once it reaches the elastic limit), Permanent (resulting to fracture) Brittle Materials Small region of ductile behavior before fracture but could have small or large region of elastic behavior Ductile Materials have large region of ductile behavior prior to the stress but only small region of elastic behavior Strike compass direction of the line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane and the horizontal plane Dip Angle between the incline plane and the horizontal plane Joints natural cracks produced by brittle deformation Faults Result from deformation but there is sliding between rocks Fold and its parts produced by deformation of ductile materials and contortions of rock layers forming wave-like curves Metamorphism process when a rock changes its form into a new one without undergoing melting or disintegration Ocean Basins Ocean from the largest ecosystem on earth. ![]() Oceanic Trench Narrow, deep, and steep canyons running along same ocean floor. Seamounts Large underwater mountain peaks exist at the edges of mid-ocean ridge ranges. Monera Important for decomposition, synthesis of organic compounds, and release of nutrients. Only found in shallow areas where bottom is on the protic zone.
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